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EN SOUVENIR D’ALEXANDRU VULPE (16 juin 1931 – 9 février 2016)
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7
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ÉTUDES
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SVEND HANSEN, Kupferzeitliche Marmorobjekte aus Măgura Gorgana bei Pietrele an der Unteren Donau
A newly found marble figurine from the Copper Age settlement Pietrele at the Lower Danube belongs to a group of similar statuettes on the Balkan peninsula. The iconographic analyses however show certain differences. South of the Danube, the marble figurines have heads similar to those from clay figurines. The marble figurine from Pietrele, however, is clearly imitating bone figurines which were much more important in the Gumelnița culture than in the Kodjadermen and Karanovo cultures. Beside figurines, marble was used for the production of beads and vessels as the discoveries from Pietrele show. Marble was a rare raw material and especially used for objects with symbolic value. A supra-regional study of marble objects from Copper Age sites should include also XRF measurements to reconstruct the raw material networks in the 5th millennium BC.
Keywords: Pietrele, Copper Age, figurines, marble
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17
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CRISTIAN EDUARD ŞTEFAN, Playing with clay: anthropomorphic fgurines from Şoimuş – La Avicola (Ferma 2), Hunedoara County
: In this study a group of clay figurines from the Turdaş settlement of Şoimuş – La Avicola (Ferma 2), Hunedoara County is analysed. Most of the pieces were recovered from secure contexts (pits, dwellings, ditches), being found in a fragmentary state. Since the seminal work of Peter J. Ucko (1962) to present days a multitude of ideas regarding the function of anthropomorphic figurines discovered in different contexts and periods were issued. Four decades later we have another interesting approach, belonging to Richard G. Lesure (2002), which we are trying to apply in analysing the figurines of Şoimuş.
Keywords: Neolithic, Turdaş, Şoimuş, clay figurines, settlement, context
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31
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GABRIEL BĂLAN, COLIN P. QUINN, GREGORY HODGINS, The Wietenberg culture: periodization and chronology
Based on pottery shapes and ornaments, the study proposes a new periodization of the Wietenberg culture in three distinctive phases: early, classical and late. The early phase is represented by pottery with origins in the late Early Bronze Age; it coincides with Chidioșan I‑II and Boroffka A1‑2 phases. According to the 14C results, this phase can be dated between the 20th and the 18th centuries BC. In the classical phase, new elements in the pottery technology (shapes and decorations) emerged, present in the last two levels of the settlement at Derșida. This phase is similar to the Chidioșan III and Boroffka B‑C stages and, according to the 14C dates it lasted between the 18th and the 16th centuries BC. The last phase was defined by N. Chidioșan, who identified at several sites vessels that were different in shape and ornament from the ones on the settlement at Derșida. The sites from this phase cover only the western half of the previously occupied area, as a consequence of the appearance of the Noua culture, contemporary for a short time with the Wietenberg. It is similar to Chidioșan IV and Boroffka D phases. The 14C dates for the Noua and the late Wietenberg sites limit chronologically the late Wietenberg phase to the 16th and 15th centuries BC.
Keywords: Middle Bronze Age, Wietenberg culture, ceramic style, periodization, chronology, 14C dating
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67
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OLIVER DIETRICH, Tekirdağ und Troja. Zur Verbreitungsgrenze südosteuropäischer Tüllenbeile in der Türkei
The distribution limit of socketed axes of southeastern European types lies to the north of the Rhodopes. The present contribution discusses the scarce finds of such implements south of this delimitation line, in Turkey.
Keywords: Bronze Age, socketed axe, Turkey, Troy, southeastern Europe
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93
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ZOE PETRE, Thucydides Mythistoricus
In 1907 F.M. Cornford published Thucydides Mythistoricus, about the dramatic construction of Thucydides’ History. One of the most tragic features of Thucydides’ History which we may add to Cornford’s arguments originates in the fact that the historian and his public, as well as the dramatic poet and his audience, are aware of the end of the narrative. Because they master the whole story, they can hint at a future tragically opaque for those who live the events in their succession, but well-known for their audience. In recent times, the relativism of Hayden White’s school has rediscovered Cornford’s book.
Keywords: Historiography, Thucydides, tragedy, myth
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103
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JULIAN GALLEGO, La politique, une invention humaine ou divine ? La pensée de Protagoras et le regard platonicien
The article analyses the problem of the development of politics according to the way in which this issue is presented in the myth of Plato’s Protagoras. The perspective on the gods in this dialogue is compared with that provided by the Sisyphus fragment attributed to Critias, to consider the role of gods and humans in the deployment of technai and the art of politics. In addition, it is studied the persuasiveness linked to the use of myth both in Platonic discursive strategies and in the educational practices of the sophists. Finally, the possible Protagorean contents in this dialogue and their links with the conditions of the Athenian democracy during the fifth century B.C. are also considered.
Keywords: Politics, technai, sophistic, myth, Protagoras, Plato, Athens, democracy
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111
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AUREL VÎLCU, EUGEN NICOLAE, Aspects de la diffusion des monnaies d’argent istriennes au nord du Danube à la lumière du trésor découvert à Ivancea
The authors publish a coin hoard discovered under unknown circumstances at Ivancea, the Republic of Moldova. The hoard consisted of nine Greek silver coins minted by Istros, all damaged by a powerful fire and out of which only seven were recovered. All Istrian silver coins are included in the fourth group of issues. Recently, both a new classification comprising eight subgroups and a new chronology have been proposed for the fourth group of issues. Based on the coin hoards discovered at the Lower Danube, the authors discuss the chronology of the Istrian silver coins. The analysis of the Istrian drachms discovered in Getae territory indicates that the Ivancea hoard was probably hidden around 280 BC. The hoard may have originated in the remains of settlements dating to the 4th-3rd centuries BC identified on several locations in the area of Ivancea
Keywords: Ivancea, coin hoard, silver coins, Istros, chronology
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121
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IULIAN BÎRZESCU, Das Perirrhanterion aus dem Tempel M von Histria
The paper presents a Late Archaic perirrhanterion, found in the Sacred area from Histria. Numerous fragments are preserved, both from the basin and from the support. Perirrhanteria are not a novelty for the Histrian sanctuary, several exemplars of stone being discovered until now. This is the first clay vessel. It has most probably a Nord Ionian origin. The fragments have been found in the interior and the exterior of a small temple uncovered in the last years in the South-eastern corner of the sanctuary. Nevertheless, the archaeological context shows that the vase was most probably displayed inside the temple.
Keywords: perirrhanterion, Ionian sanctuary, Histria, pottery, Archaic period
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129
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FLORINA PANAIT BÎRZESCU, The sons of Istros and the classical silver coins of Histria
: The image of the two young heads on the Histrian silver coins of the Classical period has been the subject of numerous studies, the aim of which has primarily been to find the identity of the personages illustrated. Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding the identity of these two heads: wind deities, river streams, the two mouths of the river Istros, the Dioskouroi, Helios, or Apollo-Helios. The present article resumes this discussion within the context of the numismatic iconography of the Milesian apoikiai from the Black Sea area, and bringing new literary and iconographic data proposes another hypothesis, namely the two young heads on the Histrian silver coins are associated with the heroes of a local foundation myth.
Keywords: Histria, silver coins, Classical period, iconography, foundation myths
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137
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STELUŢA MARIN, VIRGIL IONIŢĂ, Pseudo-autonomous coins minted at Callatis
The Callatis mint issued numerous pseudo‑autonomous coins featuring the head of Herakles on the obverse and the attributes of the city and the hero on the reverse. The authors present 47 coins, 40 belonging to the V. Ioniță collection and the remaining seven to the Dr. George Severeanu collection, preserved in the Bucharest Municipality Museum. The other 50 coins are described in the literature or on internet, on the websites of auction houses. The first coin in the catalogue, classified as group I, is the earliest, similar with the bronze coins from Callatis in the first half of the 1st century BC. The following groups (II‑XIV) are composed up of coins struck with a stencil‑image of a bearded Herakles, wearing the laurel wreath and looking towards the right on the obverse. On the reverse, two types of representations appear: the first is a club and three wheat ears, the other a club together with a bow in case. A closer look reveals the first type is larger in size and probably is a multiple (the equivalent of 2 assarion). The coins featuring a club with a bow in case, being smaller, can be considered units (one assarion). Groups II‑IX are dated during the period between Vespasian and Nerva inclusively. The X‑series is dated to the reign of Trajan based on funeral inventory from Mangalia, Constanța County. Groups XI‑XII would be dated during the reign of Hadrian. Groups XIII‑XIV can be attributed to the time of Antoninus Pius, circulating in parallel with the first group of pseudo‑autonomous coins of KTICTHC type
Keywords: Callatis, Herakles, bronze, pseudo‑autonomous, wheatears, club, Traian, countermark, Nero, overstriking
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147
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ALEXANDRU AVRAM, OCTAVIAN MITROI, Un fragment de cadran solaire d’époque impériale découvert à Tomis
The authors publish a fragmentary sundial discovered through rescue excavations in Constanţa (Tomis). On the analemma the abbreviated Greek names of five months of the Julian calendar are preserved. More other sundials are known in the same region: Istros/Histria, Tomis, Cumpăna (in the territory of Tomis), as well as a not identified locality in Dobrudja.
Keywords: sundial, analemma, Tomis, Roman period, Istros, Cumpăna
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173
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MIHAI BĂRBULESCU, Le mobilier et la vaisselle représentés sur les monuments funéraires de Dacie
: Amongst roman funerary monuments from northern Dacia (Dacia Porolissensis) the ones alluding to the funerary banquet are most popular (stelae and aedicuae). In funerary art besides a fantastic imaginary (hippocampus, triton, gryphon, etc.) we also have a natural imaginary – which is unknown directly to the inhabitant from Dacia (lions, dolphins, palm trees, etc.). In the scenes with the funerary banquet, the participants – living or dead – are surrounded by real furniture. The Dacian funerary reliefs depict banquets with a rectangular kliné, with a small table in the front. The main furniture forms as it often appears on tombstones depicting funerary banquets were couches (kliné), chairs (kathedra) with and without arms, and tables (mensa). The bed (kliné) with and without mattress, have carved legs and, sometimes, curved backrest. Kathedra is straight or curved backrest. The tables have round tops and three curved legs with the shape of animal forms, connected by bars (mensa tripes), or – rarely – rectangular with only one central leg. Cups (poculum), plates (lanx), a bird, a fish, pannis quadratus etc. are placed on the table. Next to the table or under the table are pitchers (urceus), panarium, patera. Those attending the banquet have cups, rhyton, a bunch of grapes; servants bring pitchers, patera and serviettes (mappa). Furniture and objects are represented, usually, realistic. We can also mention for example that some pitchers and patera were made out of bronze, or kathedra and panarium were often of wickerwork.
Keywords: Dacia Porolissensis, Roman provincial art, funerary monument, funerary banquet
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183
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ADRIANA PANAITE, CARMEN MIU (BEM), Roman roads identifed on aerial and satellite images within the territory of the city of Tropaeum Traiani (Moesia Inferior)
Through the corroborated study and interpretation of archaeological sources, aerial photographs and satellite images we made a distribution map of various archaeological structures on the territory of Tropaeum Traiani. This allowed us to analyse the spatial distribution of the Roman roads. Within the administrative territory that belonged to the ancient city of Tropaeum Traiani traces of Roman roads were identified, some of them attested by milestones. Their routes can be reconstituted by studying aerial photographs and satellite images which represent the main source since few traces have been preserved on the ground. By corroborating information from the field, attesting rural settlements, villae rusticae, aqueducts, fortifications, funerary barrows and quarries, with those obtained by mapping archaeological traces visible on image sources, we were able to get a clearer picture of the organization of the territory of the city during the Roman times. We used GIS (ArcMap 9.3) to obtain a digital terrain model using spatial layers containing spot heights, hydrographical network and hill shades. All the imagery collected was used as a base layer for the interpretation of the archaeological information. Our results show that the network of roads and settlements is far denser than previously identified by means of systematic archaeological research or field investigation. This type of analysis allows not only the reconstruction of ancient landscape, but also provides a solid basis for identifying specific characteristics and evolution of this area during the Roman period.
Keywords: Tropaeum Traiani, territory, road, aerial photography, satellite images, settlement
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201
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LUCREŢIU MIHAILESCU-BÎRLIBA, Le témoignage épigraphique des villae en Mésie Inférieure : remarques sur les propriétaires et sur le personnel administratif
The author takes into discussion the epigraphic record of villae in Moesia Inferior, in order to analyse from an onomastic and prosopographic point of view not only the owners, but also the other people (especially the administrative staff) mentioned alongside them in the texts. Thus, it is possible to reconstruct, even partially, the circumstances of their presence and of their family milieu.
Keywords: villae, Moesia Inferior, owners, vilicus, actor
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221
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DANIEL SPÂNU, MIHAI DIMA, ALIN FRÎNCULEASA, The Mălăieştii de Jos (Prahova County) silver craftsman’s hoard from the end of the 3rd century AD
1. The inscription IDR III/4, 325 (= AÉ 1999, 1286) attests some building activities of an auxiliary military unit temporarily stationed in Dacia pr: The Mălăieștii de Jos hoard was found by chance on April 14th 2015 in the back garden of Grigore Ion Vasile’s house (No. 31 Bisericii Street, Mălăieștii de Jos village, Dumbrăvești Commune, Prahova County, Romania). No ancient cultural layer has been found at the place of discovery. It may be stated that the hoard was not buried in a funerary context or in an ancient dwelling site. The hoard consists of 74 coins, an Almgren 157 fibula, five bracelets, a pendant and two silver ingots on silver, all buried in a Roman bronze jug (Tassinari, Oriental type / type II). The earliest coins were minted in AD 69‑70 and the most recent ones, in AD 256‑257. The structure of the inventory resembles the one of hoards with coins, finite and semi‑finite silverwork items which have been interpreted as silver craftsmans’ hoards. The Mălăieștii de Jos hoard reveals itself to us as a significant cultural landmark for the crossroads of the Principate in its nadir phase with the earliest migrations’ world taking wing in the Lower Danube region in the last decades of the 3rd century.
Keywords: craftsmans’ hoard, Roman bronze jug (Tassinari, Oriental type), Almgren 157 fibula, denarii, antoniniani,
Černjachov culture, South Romania
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237
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STEFFEN KRAUS, ERNST PERNICKA, Chemical analyses on Roman coins and silver objects from the Mălăieştii de Jos hoard, Romania
The results of the analyses on the silver coins confirm the existing knowledge about the compositional changes of coinage during the first three centuries AD. Especially with the beginning of the second half of the 3rd century, more copper was added to the silver coinage. The tin contents in the coins of Philippus Arabs, Traianus Decius and Valerianus I show that the addition of copper was in form of tin bronze. The silver of the jewellery and the ingots was alloyed with zinc. The reasons of this addition are not clear. Also still unclear is the provenance of the silver. Lead isotope analysis is not suitable in this case, because the lead isotope signatures of the objects are by necessity a mixture of the lead in the silver and in the copper. Furthermore, it cannot be excluded that some metal was remelted and mixed which would erase any information on provenance.
Keywords: XRF-analyses, silver, tin, zinc, copper
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275
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NOTES ET DISCUSSIONS
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ATTILA LÁSZLÓ, Cui bono? Thoughts about a “reconsideration” of the Tărtăria tablets
This paper discusses the article published by the assyriologist Erika Qasim in vol. 58 (2013) of the prestigious journal of ancient studies Das Altertum in Berlin. In her article, the author accuses the Romanian archaeologist NicolaeVlassa (1934‑1984) that, more than fifty years before, in complicity with Professor Vladimir Milojčić (1918‑1978) from the Heidelberg University, had falsified the pictographic clay tablets discovered in 1961 at Tărtăria (Transylvania) and published in 1963 in the journal of archaeology and ancient history Dacia in Bucharest. In spite of the complexity of the issue and the seriousness of the assertions, the superficial documentation of the article is surprising. Its author treats a very delicate matter lightly, without consulting the literature complied over decades and, consequently, without knowing the state of the research and of the discussions on the controversial issue of the Tărtăria tablets. The serious charges of falsification are not supported by any factual argument, and all the less so by a possibly direct (re)examination of the tablets. The insinuations are built on mere bookish speculations, devised at the writing table, and – we may regretfully add – are inspired by a bad faith which is difficult to understand. By overview of discussions and of results of the researches, as well as of some laboratory investigations carried out in the last half century on the Tărtăria tablets, it results that (despite some uncertainties related to the conditions of discovery due to the lacunar documentation of the excavation and to the incomplete publication of the discoveries) the anciency of the tablets, their prehistoric character, their belonging to the category of artefacts related to the system of signs and symbols of the Neolithic Vinča‑Turdaş/Tordos culture cannot be disputed. In this respect, apart from the older, macroscopic observations, the newer, microscopic investigations of the surface of the tablets are decisive. These attest, among others, to the existence of traces of soil inside the outlines of several signs incised on the tablets, which is an indisputable proof of the fact that the tablets had lain underground for a long time before their discovery.
Keywords: Nicolae Vlassa, Vladimir Milojčić, Tărtăria, pictographic clay tablets, forgery accusation, Neolithic, Vinča‑Turdaş/Tordos culture
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281
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JEREMY M. HUTTON, NATHANIEL E. GREENE, A note on the Aramaic text of the bilingual Guras inscription (PAT 0251 =CIL III 3.7999 = CIS 3906)
Aramaic-speaking soldiers from Palmyra who were serving in the imperial army left their mark at multiple sites in Roman-era Dacia in the form of Latin (and sometimes Latin-Aramaic) inscriptions. This article analyzes the Aramaic portion of one such bilingual text. Our photographic analysis of the text corrects a faulty reading that has gone undiagnosed for over one hundred thirty years. In correcting this reading, we have simultaneously offered a correction to the lexicographic data in use by Aramaists: the Aramaic hpṭyw is a loanword from the Latin optio, and demonstrates a closer phonological correspondence to its source lexeme than it has been previously recognized.
Keywords: Tibiscum, Palmyrene Aramaic, Latin-Aramaic bilingualEgnatius [Priscus], Dacia Inferior, ala Flavia Britannica milliaria c. R., emperors Valerianus and Gallienus, Gallonia (Galliena) Augusta
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293
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CONSTANTIN C. PETOLESCU, MIHAI POPESCU, Une contribution à PIR2, P 926 : C. Prastina Messalinus
An inscription discovered at Sucidava (in Dacia Inferior; AÉ, 1959, 323), in reality a « traveller stone » (coming, without doubt, from Oescus, south of the Danube), revised by the authors, it is attributed to C. Prastina Messalinus, governor of Moesia Inferior in AD 149.
Keywords: Oescus, Sucidava, Moesia Inferior, C. Prastina Messalinus, «traveller stone»
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301
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GHEORGHE ALEXANDRU NICULESCU, On Florin Curta’s attack
Comments on Florin Curta’s arrogant and defamatory article, which, instead of a fair examination of what I wrote about how culture-historical archaeologists understand social science research on ethnic phenomena, uses mockery, insults, data manipulation and statements presented without arguments or with ridiculous ones, in order to prove that he has nothing to do with to culture-historical archaeology and that the persistence of nationalist representations in his thinking about ethnic phenomena is just an outcome of my malicious interpretation.
Keywords: archaeology, ethnic phenomena, methodological nationalism, dogmatism, ideology, epistemic vices
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307
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VIRGIL MIHAILESCU-BÎRLIBA, Numismatics and other sciences
Numismatics is closely connected with different sciences (general history, archaeology, linguistic, epigraphy, history of religions, history of art, history of architecture etc., as well as mathematics, statistics, physics, chemistry, mechanics, geology, mineralogy, geography and so on). As a consequence, the numismatic proves to depend on many other sciences, but at the same time it stimulates the research of other numerous fields through the results it aims.
Keywords: numismatics, different sciences
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329
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COMPTES RENDUS
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Inscriptions de Scythie Mineure, volume IV, Tropaeum – Durostorum – Axiopolis, recueillies, traduites et accompagnées de commentaires et d’index par Emilian Popescu, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti – Editura Basilica, Bucureşti – Diffusion de Boccard, Paris 2015, 412 pages, 17 planches avec photos des inscriptions. (Lucreţiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba)
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335
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IN MEMORIAM
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Ion-Șerban Motzoi-Chicideanu (9. Dezember 1943 – 8. Oktober 2016) (Nikolaus Boroffka)
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341
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Abréviations
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349
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